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Karma Tseten
Karma Tseten () (died 1599), also known as Zhingshak Tseten Dorje () was a king of Upper Tsang in West Central Tibet. He was the founder of the Tsangpa Dynasty that had an important role in the history of Tibet from 1565 to 1642.
==Rebelling against the Rinpungpa==
Karma Tseten, in full Karma Tseten Dorje, belonged to a clan from Nyag which claimed descent from Jñanakumara, a disciple of the eighth-century tantric master Padmasambhava.〔Giuseppe Tucci, ''Tibetan Painted Scrolls'', Rome 1949, Vol. II, p. 697.〕 In fact he does not seem to have belonged to any noble house. At this time the Rinpungpa Dynasty held superior power in the Tsang region and was somehow related to Karma Tseten's lineage.〔According to the biography of the Drukpa hierarch Pagsam Wangpo, Karma Tseten's grandson Karma Phuntsok Namgyal was a "nephew" of the penultimate Rinpungpa ruler Dondup Tseten Dorje; see Olaf Czaja, ''Medieval rule in Tibet''. Wien 2013, Vol. I, p. 493.〕 Coming from relatively modest circumstances, Karma Tseten was used by the Tsang ruler for various tasks, such as chief groom and tax collector. In 1548 he was entrusted with the governorship of the Samdrubtse castle in Shigatse.〔Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, ''One Hundred Thousand Moons'', Leiden 2010, p. 280.〕 This was a place of great strategical importance in Tsang. Some years later he began to plot against his Rinpungpa master. According to a picturesque but maybe apocryphical story he obtained a written permit to collect 300 sewing needles from the local population. As the words for needle and armour are very similar in Tibetan, Karma Tseten made a slight change in the document, and could thus collect 300 suits of armour.〔Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, ''Tibet. A Political History'', New Haven & London 1967, p. 89.〕 In 1557, according to one source, he raised the standard of rebellion, helped by the discontent with the Rinpungpa among vassals such as Narthang, Norkhyung, and Gyatso.〔Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, 2010, p. 280-1; Fifth Dalai Lama, ''The history of Tibet''. Bloomington 1995, p. 192.〕 According to another eyewitness account, he bided his time until 1565, when he was appointed ''magpon'' (general). Then he started an uprising that took the Rinpungpa ruler Ngawang Jigme Drakpa by complete surprise. The situation was made worse for the Rinpungpa since some nobles close to them committed treason. Karma Tseten was able to take Panam Lhundrup Kyungtse and the Pakmori Gold Castle from Ngawang Jigme Drakpa. The latter was besieged and captured; one of his sons was imprisoned while another one was killed.〔Olaf Czaja, 2013, p. 279.〕 The Drukpa lama Kunkhyen Pema Karpo was able to mediate between the warring parties. However, just after the Tibetan new year in 1566, fresh fighting broke out in lower Nyangtö. The Drukpa lama intervened again. Karma Tseten requested all the lands above Jomo Kharek (a mountain at the border between Ü and Tsang), but was finally content with the entire Panam area.〔Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, 2010, p. 281.〕 With these events the Rinpungpa faded into insignificance.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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